I have asked AI to analyse the Leaving Certificate Economics papers from 2021–2024, and to identify the key concepts examined in those papers. This is what it picked out:

Microeconomics Concepts:

· • Demand and Supply

· • Elasticities (PED, PES, YED, XED)

· • Consumer Behaviour and Utility

· • Marginal Cost and Revenue

· • Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

· • Market Structures (Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition)

· • Cost Curves (Short-run and Long-run)

· • Price and Output Determination

· • Externalities and Market Failure

· • Equi-Marginal Principle

· • Opportunity Cost

· • Production and Diminishing Marginal Returns

· • National Income (GDP, GNP, NFIA, GNI, GNI*, Circular Flow)

· • Inflation and Consumer Price Index

· • Unemployment (Types and Measurement)

· • Fiscal Policy and Government Budget

· • Monetary Policy and Central Bank Role

· • International Trade and Globalisation

· • Balance of Payments

· • Exchange Rates (Floating and Fixed)

· • Economic Growth and Development

· • Taxation (Direct vs Indirect, Progressive vs Regressive)

· • EU Economics (CAP, EU Budget, Common Market)

· • Government Intervention and Regulation